a model of compassion that includes the interaction between attention and prosocial affect, ethical
intention and insight, and embodiment and engagement.
Acknowledgements
The author acknowledges Dr. Alfred Kaszniak for his help with the neuroscience and citations, Dr.
George Chrousos for his input around the Venn Diagram and discussions on compassion during
her tenure at the Library of Congress; Drs. John Dunne and Evan Thompson for their insights
regarding enaction and philosophical perspectives. Drs. Tony Back and Cynda Rushton for work
with me on the G.R.A.C.E. intervention. And Peggy Murray for editorial contributions. Gratitude to
Drs. James Billington, Head Librarian at the Library of Congress, and Carolyn Brown, Director of
the Office of Scholarly Programs and John W. Kluge Center, Library of Congress, for her tenure as
a Kluge Distinguished Scholar at the Library of Congress.
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Summary
In training clinicians to care compassionately for those who are dying, Upaya’s professional
training program in compassionate end-of-life care has developed a granular approach to
compassion for teaching purposes. This chapter has outlined a typology of compassion, parsing
compassion into two main types: referential compassion and non-referential compassion, in other
words, compassion with an object and universal compassion. The chapter then goes on to outline
